Influence of Ethical Code of Conduct and Whistle Blowing Activities on Job Satisfaction among Healthcare Workers
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Apr 4, 2019
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Abstract
Job satisfaction as an important employee attitude required continuous attention in developing nations healthcare system such as Nigeria because of its implication on the quality of patients care and treatment. In particular, a system where poor service delivery, negligence, discriminatory practices are rampant. Hence, the present study examined the influence of ethical code of conduct and whistle blowing activities on job satisfaction among health care workers. The study employed a survey design. Two hundred and five (205) participants were sampled from the lower level and upper management staff of University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria using a multi-stage sampling technique. Seven units were selected using purposive sampling technique. The result shows significant main effect of the ethical code of conduct (F (1,200) = 11.97, p<.01) and whistle blowing activity (F (1,200) = 36.17, p<.01) on job satisfaction. Further, there was significant interaction between perceived ethical code of conduct and whistle blowing on job satisfaction (F= (1,200) = 7.48, p <.01). It was concluded that whistle blowing activities and strong ethical code of conduct leads to health workers job satisfaction. However, whistle blowing may affect the interrelation between employees, there is need for the hospital management to provide a formal process to manage the whistle blowing activities. This is to provide backlash and resultant problems that may result from the whistle blowing activities.
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Ishola, A., & Oluwole, O. (2019). Influence of Ethical Code of Conduct and Whistle Blowing Activities on Job Satisfaction among Healthcare Workers. Omegademy Journal of Psychological Research, 1(1), 27-41. Retrieved from https://journal.omegademy.com/index.php/ojpr/article/view/6
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References
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Ahmed, B., Shad, I., Mumtaz, R., & Tanveer, Z. (2012). Organizational ethics and job satisfaction: Evidence from Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(8), 2966.
Annakin, L. (2011). In the public interest or out of desperation? The experience of Australian whistle-blowers reporting to accountability agencies.
Boyle, R. D. (1990). A review of whistle-blower protections and suggestions for change. Labor Law Journal, 41(12), 821.
Bjørkelo, B., Einarsen, S., Nielsen, M. B., & Matthiesen, S. B. (2011). Silence is golden? Characteristics and experiences of self-reported whistle-blowers.
BusinessDay online newspaper, Sunday April 1, 2018. Challenges of health care delivery for all ages in Nigeria (3)
Cassematis, P. G., & Wortley, R. (2013). Prediction of whistleblowing or non-reporting observation: The role of personal and situational factors. Journal of business ethics, 117(3), 615-634.
Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Bronson, J. W. (1993). The ethical climate questionnaire: An assessment of its development and validity. Psychological reports, 73(2), 667-674.
Egan, M., & Kadushin, G. (2004). Job satisfaction of home health social workers in the environment of cost containment. Health & Social Work, 29(4), 287-296.
Elçi, M., karabay, M.E. & Akbas, T.T. (2016). The effects of job satisfaction and ethical climate on whistleblowing: an empirical study on public sector. Journal of Global Strategic Management, v.10 no. 1 pg. 55-66, doi: 10.20460/JGSM.2016102238659
Feldman, Y. & Lobel, O. (2008). ‘Decentralised enforcement in organisations: an experimental approach.’ Regulation and Governance, 2: 165-192.
Festinger, L. (1957). The theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fraser, T. (1983). Human Stress, Work and Job Satisfaction. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Gokce, A.T. (2013). Relationship between whistle-blowing and job satisfaction and organizational loyalty at schools in Turkey. Academic Journals, Vol. 8(14), pp. 1186-1197, DOI: 10.5897/ERR2013.1485
Henle, C.A., Giacalone, R.A. and Jurkiewicz, C.L. (2005), ‘‘The role of ethical ideology in workplace deviance’’, Journal of Business Ethics, 56 (3) 219.
Joseph, J., & Deshpande, S. P. (1997). The impact of ethical climate on job satisfaction of nurses. Health Care Management Review, 22, 76-83.
Kadushin, G., & Egan, M. (2001). Ethical dilemmas in home health care: A social work perspective. Health & social work, 26(3), 136-149.
Locke, E. A., The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Book Chapter in Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (1990). Consulting Psychologists Press, 1976, p. 130
Martins O.F., Tukur D., Danburam A., Salwau F.K. (2016). Job satisfaction among doctors and nurses: a case study of Federal Medical Centre Yola, Nigeria. International Journal of Community Medical Public Health;3: 1640-7.
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Whistleblowing in organizations: An examination of correlates of whistleblowing intentions, actions, and retaliation. Journal of business ethics, 62(3), 277-297.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1985). Characteristics of organizational climate and perceived wrongdoing associated with whistle‐blowing decisions. Personnel Psychology, 38(3), 525-544.
Milliken, F., Morrison, E. & Hewlin, P. (2003). ‘An exploratory study of employee resilence: issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why.’ Journal of Management Studies, 40(6): 1453-1476.
O'Malley, M. (2000). Creating commitment: How to attract and retain talented employees by building relationships that last. John Wiley & Sons.
Okpara J. O. (2002) The Influence of Ethical Climate Types on Job Satisfaction of IT Managers: Implications for Management Practice and Development in a Developing Economy, Academy of Business & Administrative Sciences (ABAS) 2002 Seventh International Conference, San Jose, Costa Rica, July 6-8, 2002.
Park H, Blenkinsopp J, Oktem MK, Omurgonulsen U (2008). Cultural orientation and attitudes toward different forms of whistleblowing: A comparison of South Korea, Turkey, and the U.K. Journal of Business Ethics, 82:929-939.
Riketta, M. (2008). The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis of panel studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 472-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.472
Sims, R. L., & Kroeck, K. G. (1994). The influence of ethical fit on employee satisfaction, commitment, and turnover. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(12), 939-947.
Stakeholder Democracy Network (2013). A Case study of poor service delivery: Bodo Primary Healthcare Centre and Bodo General Hospital, Gokana Local government area in Rivers State Nigeria. Funded by the Dutch government through the support of the Dutch Embassy in Abuja.
Vanguard newspaper Nigeria, September 6, 2011. How poor attitude of health workers is killing healthcare delivery in Nigeria by Chioma Obinna.
Victor, B., Trevino, L., & Shapiro, D. (1993). Peer reporting of unethical behaviour: The influence of justice expectations and social context factors. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 253-263.
Viswesvaran, C., Deshpande, S. P., & Joseph, J. (1998). Job satisfaction as a function of top management support for ethical behaviour: A study of Indian managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(4), 365-371.
Ahmed, B., Shad, I., Mumtaz, R., & Tanveer, Z. (2012). Organizational ethics and job satisfaction: Evidence from Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 6(8), 2966.
Annakin, L. (2011). In the public interest or out of desperation? The experience of Australian whistle-blowers reporting to accountability agencies.
Boyle, R. D. (1990). A review of whistle-blower protections and suggestions for change. Labor Law Journal, 41(12), 821.
Bjørkelo, B., Einarsen, S., Nielsen, M. B., & Matthiesen, S. B. (2011). Silence is golden? Characteristics and experiences of self-reported whistle-blowers.
BusinessDay online newspaper, Sunday April 1, 2018. Challenges of health care delivery for all ages in Nigeria (3)
Cassematis, P. G., & Wortley, R. (2013). Prediction of whistleblowing or non-reporting observation: The role of personal and situational factors. Journal of business ethics, 117(3), 615-634.
Cullen, J. B., Victor, B., & Bronson, J. W. (1993). The ethical climate questionnaire: An assessment of its development and validity. Psychological reports, 73(2), 667-674.
Egan, M., & Kadushin, G. (2004). Job satisfaction of home health social workers in the environment of cost containment. Health & Social Work, 29(4), 287-296.
Elçi, M., karabay, M.E. & Akbas, T.T. (2016). The effects of job satisfaction and ethical climate on whistleblowing: an empirical study on public sector. Journal of Global Strategic Management, v.10 no. 1 pg. 55-66, doi: 10.20460/JGSM.2016102238659
Feldman, Y. & Lobel, O. (2008). ‘Decentralised enforcement in organisations: an experimental approach.’ Regulation and Governance, 2: 165-192.
Festinger, L. (1957). The theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Fraser, T. (1983). Human Stress, Work and Job Satisfaction. Geneva: International Labour Office.
Gokce, A.T. (2013). Relationship between whistle-blowing and job satisfaction and organizational loyalty at schools in Turkey. Academic Journals, Vol. 8(14), pp. 1186-1197, DOI: 10.5897/ERR2013.1485
Henle, C.A., Giacalone, R.A. and Jurkiewicz, C.L. (2005), ‘‘The role of ethical ideology in workplace deviance’’, Journal of Business Ethics, 56 (3) 219.
Joseph, J., & Deshpande, S. P. (1997). The impact of ethical climate on job satisfaction of nurses. Health Care Management Review, 22, 76-83.
Kadushin, G., & Egan, M. (2001). Ethical dilemmas in home health care: A social work perspective. Health & social work, 26(3), 136-149.
Locke, E. A., The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Book Chapter in Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (1990). Consulting Psychologists Press, 1976, p. 130
Martins O.F., Tukur D., Danburam A., Salwau F.K. (2016). Job satisfaction among doctors and nurses: a case study of Federal Medical Centre Yola, Nigeria. International Journal of Community Medical Public Health;3: 1640-7.
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., & Viswesvaran, C. (2005). Whistleblowing in organizations: An examination of correlates of whistleblowing intentions, actions, and retaliation. Journal of business ethics, 62(3), 277-297.
Miceli, M. P., & Near, J. P. (1985). Characteristics of organizational climate and perceived wrongdoing associated with whistle‐blowing decisions. Personnel Psychology, 38(3), 525-544.
Milliken, F., Morrison, E. & Hewlin, P. (2003). ‘An exploratory study of employee resilence: issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why.’ Journal of Management Studies, 40(6): 1453-1476.
O'Malley, M. (2000). Creating commitment: How to attract and retain talented employees by building relationships that last. John Wiley & Sons.
Okpara J. O. (2002) The Influence of Ethical Climate Types on Job Satisfaction of IT Managers: Implications for Management Practice and Development in a Developing Economy, Academy of Business & Administrative Sciences (ABAS) 2002 Seventh International Conference, San Jose, Costa Rica, July 6-8, 2002.
Park H, Blenkinsopp J, Oktem MK, Omurgonulsen U (2008). Cultural orientation and attitudes toward different forms of whistleblowing: A comparison of South Korea, Turkey, and the U.K. Journal of Business Ethics, 82:929-939.
Riketta, M. (2008). The causal relation between job attitudes and performance: A meta-analysis of panel studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 472-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.472
Sims, R. L., & Kroeck, K. G. (1994). The influence of ethical fit on employee satisfaction, commitment, and turnover. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(12), 939-947.
Stakeholder Democracy Network (2013). A Case study of poor service delivery: Bodo Primary Healthcare Centre and Bodo General Hospital, Gokana Local government area in Rivers State Nigeria. Funded by the Dutch government through the support of the Dutch Embassy in Abuja.
Vanguard newspaper Nigeria, September 6, 2011. How poor attitude of health workers is killing healthcare delivery in Nigeria by Chioma Obinna.
Victor, B., Trevino, L., & Shapiro, D. (1993). Peer reporting of unethical behaviour: The influence of justice expectations and social context factors. Journal of Business Ethics, 12, 253-263.
Viswesvaran, C., Deshpande, S. P., & Joseph, J. (1998). Job satisfaction as a function of top management support for ethical behaviour: A study of Indian managers. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(4), 365-371.